Resources
Information used for the LAG report (2010-2015)
Relevant resources and information used frequently during the considerations of the Lead Ammunition Group
Resources (2010-2015)
- Guidelines for environmental risk assessment and management: Green Leaves III
Defra and the University of Cranfield
November 2011 - Lead dietary exposure in the European population
European Food Safety Authority
July 2012 - Habits and behaviours of high-level consumers of lead-shot wild-game meat in Scotland
Food Standards Agency
February 2012 - Advice to frequent eaters of game shot with lead
Food Standards Agency
October 2012 - Risk to human health from exposure to lead from lead bullets and shot used to shoot wild game animals
Food Standards Agency
October 2012 - The EFSA scientific opinion on lead in food
Food Standards Agency (Dr Diane Benford)
September 2010 - Review of evidence concerning the contamination of wildlife and the environment arising from the use of lead ammunition – report
Food and Environment Research Agency (Roger Quy)
April 2010 - Review of evidence concerning the contamination of wildlife and the environment arising from the use of lead ammunition – presentation
Food and Environment Research Agency (Roger Quy)
May 2010 - A systematic approach for evaluating the quality of experimental toxicological and ecotoxicological data
Klimisch, H. J. et al in Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 25, 1-5
February 1997 - Primary Evidence List
Lead Ammunition Group: Primary Evidence and Risk Assessment Subgroup
April 2014
New Information
Published since submission of the Lead Ammunition Group Report in June 2015 of relevance to its conclusions
Risks to Wildlife
- Scavenging by Owls: A Global Review and New Observations from Europe and North America
Allen M, Ward M.P, Juznic D, Krofel, M
Journal of Raptor Research, 2019 - Lesser white-fronted (Anser erythropus) and greater white-fronted (Anser albifrons) geese wintering in Greek wetlands are not threatened by Pb through shot ingestion
Aloupi M, Kazantzidis S, Akriotis T, Bantikou E, Hatzidaki VO
Science of the Total Environment, 2015 - Effects of lead shot ingestion on bone mineralization in a population of red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa)
Álvarez-Lloret P, Rodríguez-Navarro AB, Romanek CS, Ferrandis P, Martínez-Haro M, Mateo R
Science of the Total Environment, 2014 - Disease surveillance in England and Wales
APHA Disease Surveillance Report
Vet Record, 2016 - Lead contamination in tissues of large avian scavengers in south-central Europe
Bassi E, Facoetti R, Ferloni M, Pastorino A, Bianchi A, Fedrizzi G, Bertoletti I, Andreotti A
Science of The Total Environment, 2021 - Assessment of bird exposure to lead at Tyndall and Beale Air Force Bases, 2016-17
Bargar TA
U.S. Geological Survey, 2019 - Chronic lead exposure is epidemic in obligate scavenger populations in eastern North America
Behmke S, Fallon J, Duerr AE, Lehner A, Buchweitz J, Katzner T
Environment International, 2015 - Embedded lead shots in birds of prey: the hidden threat
Berny PJ, Mas E, Vey D
European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2017 - Relation of Waterfowl Poisoning to Sediment Lead Concentrations in the Coeur d’Alene River Basin
Beyer WN, Audet DJ, Heinz GH, Hoffman DJ, Day D
Ecotoxicology, 2000 - Vigilance poison: illegal poisoning and lead intoxication are the main factors affecting avian scavenger survival in the Pyrenees (France)
Berny P, Vilagines L, Cugnasse JM, Mastain O, Chollet JY, Joncour G, Razin M
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2015 - Widespread ingestion of lead pellets by wild chukars in Northwestern Utah
Bingham RJ, Larsen RT, Bissonette JA, Hall JO
Wildlife Society Bulletin, 2015 - Lead isotope ratio measurements as indicators for the source of lead poisoning in Mute swans (Cygnus olor) wintering in Puck Bay (northern Poland)
Binkowski ŁJ, Meissner W, Trzeciak M, Izevbekhai K, Barker J
Chemosphere, 2016 - Assessment of the LeadCare® Plus for use on Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos)
Boesen AH, Thiel A, Fuchs B, Evans AL, Bertelsen MF, Rodushkin I, Arnemo JM
Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2019 - First confirmed case of lead poisoning in the endangered Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in the Balkans
Bounas A, Ganoti M, Giannakaki E, Akrivos A, Vavylis D, Zorrilla I, Saravia V
Vulture News, 2018 - Low-level environmental metal pollution is associated with altered gut microbiota of a wild rodent, the bank vole (Myodes glareolus)
Brila I, Lavrinienko A, Tukalenko E, Ecke F, Rodushkin I, Kallio ER, Mappes T, Watts PC
Science of The Total Environment, 2021 - Conservation efforts risk poisoning endangered New Zealand kea
Buenz EJ, Parry GJ
Science of the Total Environment, 2019 - Lead poisoning due to lead-pellet ingestion in Griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) from the Iberian Peninsula
Carneiro MA, Oliveira PA, Brandão R, Francisco ON, Velarde R, Lavín S, Colaço B
Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 2016 - Assessment of the exposure to heavy metals in Griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) from the Iberian Peninsula
Carneiro M, Colaço B, Brandão R, Azorín B, Nicolas O, Colaço J, Pires MJ, Agustí S, Casas-Díaz E, Lavin S, Oliveira PA
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2015 - Biomonitoring of heavy metals (Cd, Hg, and Pb) and metalloid (As) with the Portuguese common buzzard (Buteo buteo)
Carneiro M, Colaço B, Brandão R, Ferreira C, Santos N, Soeiro V, Colaço A, Pires MJ, Oliveira PA, Lavín S
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2014 - Quantitative assessment of bullet fragments in viscera of sheep carcasses as surrogates for white-tailed deer
Cruz-Martinez L, Grund MD, Redig PT
Human-Wildlife Interactions, 2015 - Terrestrial vertebrate toxicology in Australia: an overview of wildlife research
Death CE, Griffiths SR, Story PG
Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 2019 - Integrating active and passive monitoring to assess sublethal effects and mortality from lead poisoning in birds of prey
Descalzo E, Camarero PR, Sánchez-Barbudo IS, Martinez-Haro M, Ortiz-Santaliestra ME, Moreno-Opo R, Mateo R
Science of The Total Environment, 2021 - Widespread Lead Exposure in Golden Eagles Captured in Montana
Domenech R, Shreading A, Ramsey P, McTee M
The Journal of Wildlife Management, 2020 - Spatio-temporal variation of metals and organic contaminants in bank voles (Myodes glareolus)
Ecke F, Benskin JP, Berglund ÅM, de Wit CA, Engström E, Plassmann MM, Rodushkin I, Sörlin D, Hörnfeldt B
Science of The Total Environment, 2020 - Sublethal lead exposure alters movement behavior in free-ranging golden eagles
Ecke F, Singh NJ, Arnemo JM, Bignert A, Helander B, Berglund ÅMM, Borg H, Bröjer C, Holm K, Lanzone M, Miller T, Nordström Å, Räikkönen J, Rodushkin I, Ågren E, Hörnfeldt B
Environmental Science and Technology, 2017 - Choroidal vasculopathy and retinal detachment in a bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) with lead toxicosis
Eid R, Guzman DS-M, Keller KA, Wiggans KT, Murphy CJ, LaDouceur EEB, Keel MK, Reilly CM
Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 2016 - Effects of heavy metals on biomarkers for oxidative stress in Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus)
Espín S, Martínez-López E, Jiménez P, María-Mojica P, García-Fernández AJ
Environmental Research, 2014 - Guidelines for evaluation and treatment of lead poisoning of wild raptors
Fallon JA, Redig P, Miller TA, Lanzone M, Katzner T
Wildlife Society Bulletin, 2017 - Lead exposure affects health indices in free-ranging ducks in Argentina
Ferreyra H, Beldomenico PM, Marchese K, Romano M, Caselli A, Correa AI, Uhart M
Ecotoxicology, 2015 - Lead gunshot pellet ingestion and tissue lead levels in wild ducks from Argentine hunting hotspots
Ferreyra H, Romano M, Beldomenico P, Caselli A, Correa A, Uhart M
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2014 - Lead exposure risk from trash ingestion by the endangered California condor (Gymnogyps californianus)
Finkelstein ME, Brandt J, Sandhaus E, Grantham J, Mee A, Schuppert PJ, Smith DR
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2015 - Linking cases of illegal shootings of the endangered California condor using stable lead isotope analysis
Finkelstein ME, Kuspa ZE, Welch A, Eng C, Clark M, Burnett J, Smith DR
Environmental Research, 2014 - Lead and eagles: demographic and pathological characteristics of poisoning, and exposure levels associated with other causes of mortality
Franson JC, Russell RE
Ecotoxicology, 2014 - Exposure, effects and absorption of lead in american woodcock (Scolopax minor): a review
French AD, Conway WC, Cañas-Carrell JE, Klein DM
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2017 - High concentrations of lead (Pb) in blood and milk of free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Scandinavia
Fuchs B, Thiel A, Zedrosser A, Brown L, Hydeskov HB, Rodushkin I, Evans AL, Boesen AH, Græsli AR, Kindberg J, Arnemo JM
Environmental Pollution, 2021 - Acute and chronic lead exposure in four avian scavenger species in Switzerland
Ganz K, Jenni L, Madry MM, Kraemer T, Jenny H, Jenny D
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2018 - Association between hunting and elevated blood lead levels in the critically endangered African white-backed vulture Gyps africanus
Garbett R, Maude G, Hancock P, Kenny D, Reading R, Amar A
Science of The Total Environment, 2018 - Conservation Letter: Lead Poisoning of Raptors
Garvin JC, Slabe VA, Cuadros Díaz SF
Journal of Raptor Research, 2020 - From sport hunting to breeding success: patterns of lead ammunition ingestion and its effects on an endangered raptor
Gil-Sánchez JM, Molleda S, Sánchez-Zapata JA, Bautista J, Navas I, Godinho R, García-Fernández AJ, Moleón M
Science of the Total Environment, 2018 - Evaluation of factors influencing grit use by birds
Gionfriddo JP
Iowa State University, 1994 - A review and assessment of spent lead ammunition and its exposure and effects to scavenging birds in the United States
Golden NH, Warner SE, Coffey MJ
Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2016 - Levels of blood lead in griffon vultures from a Wildlife Rehabilitation Center in Spain
González F, López I, Suarez L, Moraleda V, Rodríguez C
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2017 - Male zebra finches exposed to lead (Pb) during development have reduced volume of song nuclei, altered sexual traits, and received less attention from females as adults
Goodchild CG, Beck ML, VanDiest I, Czesak FN, Lane SJ, Sewall KB
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2021 - Lead poisoning from ingestion of fishing gear: A review
Grade T, Campbell P, Cooley T, Kneeland M, Leslie E, MacDonald B, Melotti J, Okoniewski J, Parmley EJ, Perry C, Vogel H, Pokras M
Ambio, 2019 - Additional mortality rate of wildfowl caused by ingestion of lead shotgun pellets: a re-analysis of data from a 70-year-old field experiment on wild Mallards Anas platyrhynchos
Green RE, Pain DJ
Wildfowl Journal, 2020 - The persistent problem of lead poisoning in birds from ammunition and fishing tackle
Haig SM, D’Elia J, Eagles-Smith C, Fair JM, Gervais J, Herring G, Rivers JW, Schulz JH
Condor, 2014 - Animal welfare testing for shooting and darting free-ranging wildlife: a review and recommendations
Hampton JO, Arnemo JM, Barnsley R, Cattet M, Daoust P-Y, DeNicola AJ, Eccles G, Fletcher D, Hinds LA, Hunt R, Portas T, Stokke S, Warburton B, Wimpenny C
Wildlife Research, 2021 - Heads in the sand: public health and ecological risks of lead-based bullets for wildlife shooting in Australia
Hampton JO, Laidlaw M, Buenz E, Arnemo JM
Wildlife Research, 2018 - Portable X-ray fluorescence for bone lead measurements of Australian eagles
Hampton JO, Specht AJ, Pay JM, Pokras MA, Bengsen AJ
Science of The Total Environment, 2021 - Major lead exposure from hunting ammunition in eagles from Sweden
Helander B, Krone O, Räikkönen J, Sundbom M, Ågren E, Bignert A
Science of The Total Environment, 2021 - Temporal changes in concentrations of lead and other trace metals in free-ranging Eurasian eagle owls Bubo bubo in Sweden
Helander B, Sundbom M, Runkel AA, Bignert A
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2019 - The lead (Pb) lining of agriculture‐related subsidies: enhanced golden eagle growth rates tempered by Pb exposure
Herring G, Eagles‐Smith CA, Buck JA, Shiel AE, Vennum CR, Emery C, Johnson B, Leal D, Heath JA, Dudek BM, Preston CR
Ecosphere, 2020 - Ground squirrel shooting and potential lead exposure in breeding avian scavengers
Herring G, Eagles-Smith CA, Wagner MT
PLoS ONE, 2016 - Assessment of LeadCare® II analysis for testing of a wide range of blood lead levels in comparison with ICP–MS analysis
Hokuto N, Shouta MM, Nakayama JY, Muzandu K, Toyomaki H, Yohannes YB, Kataba A, Zyambo G, Ikenaka Y, Choongo K, Ishizuka M
Chemosphere, 2021 - Acute lead poisoning in a Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) in Israel
Horowitz IH, Yanco E, Nadler R V., Anglister N, Landau S, Elias R, Lublin A, Perl S, Edery N, Rosenzweig AB
Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2014 - Lead exposure in raptors from Japan and source identification using Pb stable isotope ratios
Ishii C, Nakayama SMM, Ikenaka Y, Nakata H, Saito K, Watanabe Y, Mizukawa H, Tanabe S, Nomiyama K, Hayashi T, Ishizuka M
Chemosphere, 2017 - Lead poisoning and other human-related factors cause significant mortality in white-tailed eagles
Isomursu, M., Koivusaari, J., Stjernberg, T., Hirvelä-Koski, V. & Venäläinen, E. R.
Ambio, 2018 - The frequency distribution of lead concentration in feathers, blood, bone, kidney and liver of golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos: insights into the modes of uptake
Jenni L, Madry MM, Kraemer T, Kupper J, Naegeli H, Jenny H, Jenny D
Journal of Ornithology, 2015 - Brains of native and alien mesocarnivores in biomonitoring of toxic metals in Europe
Kalisinska E, Lanocha-Arendarczyk N, Kosik-Bogacka D, Budis H, Podlasinska J, Popiolek M, Pirog A, Jedrzejewska E
PLoS ONE, 2016 - Lead and other trace elements in Danish birds of prey
Kanstrup N, Chriél M, Dietz R, Søndergaard J, Balsby TJS, Sonne C
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2019 - Origins of lead in populations of raptors
Katzner TE, Stuber MJ, Slabe VA, Anderson JT, Cooper JL, Rhea LL, Millsap BA
Animal Conservation, 2018 - Assessing Lead Exposure in Free-ranging Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) in Minnesota, USA
Kelly J, Carstensen K, Hildebrand EC, Long L
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2021 - Concentrations of lead and other elements in the liver of the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), a European flagship species, wintering in Eastern Poland
Kitowski I, Jakubas D, Wiącek D, Sujak A
Ambio, 2017 - Trace element concentrations in livers of common buzzards Buteo buteo from eastern Poland
Kitowski I, Jakubas D, Wiącek D, Sujak A, Pitucha G
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2017 - Lead toxicosis in a southern ground hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in South Africa
Koeppel KN, Kemp L V
Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 2015 - Lead (Pb) in the tissues of anatidae, ardeidae, sternidae and laridae of the northern hemisphere: a review of environmental studies
Korbecki J, Gutowska I, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019 - Lead exposure in the critically endangered bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) population in Southern Africa
Krüger SC, Amar A
Journal of Raptor Research, 2018 - Lead concentrations in blood from incubating common eiders (Somateria mollissima) in the Baltic Sea
Lam SS, McPartland M, Noori B, Garbus SE, Lierhagen S, Lyngs P, Dietz R, Therkildsen OR, Christensen TK, Tjørnløv RS, Kanstrup N, Fox AD, Sørensen IH, Arzel C, Krøkje Å, Sonne C
Environment International, 2020 - Lead and mercury in fall migrant golden eagles from western North America
Langner HW, Domenech R, Slabe VA, Sullivan SP
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2015 - Breeding habitat, nest-site characteristics and productivity of the little eagle (Hieraaetus morphnoides) near Armidale, New South Wales
Larkin C, Jenkins R, McDonald PG, Debus SJ
Pacific Conservation Biology, 2020 - Metal(loid) exposure assessment and biomarker responses in captive and free-ranging European brown bear (Ursus arctos)
Lazarus M, Orct T, Sergiel A, Vranković L, Marijić VF, Rašić D, Reljić S, Aladrović J, Zwijacz-Kozica T, Zięba F, Jurasović J
Environmental Research, 2020 - High risk of lead contamination for scavengers in an area with high moose hunting success
Legagneux P, Suffice P, Messier JS, Lelievre F, Tremblay JA, Maisonneuve C, Saint-Louis R, Bêty J
PLoS ONE, 2014 - Influence of snowfall on blood lead levels of free-flying bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in the Upper Mississippi River Valley
Lindblom RA, Reichart LM, Mandernack BA, Solensky M, Schoenebeck CW, Redig PT
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2017 - Blood lead and zinc levels and their impact on health of free-living small carnivores in Taiwan, Republic of China
Liu CC, Chi CH, Yen SC, Liu JN, Ju YT, Kang CL, Chang CH, Yu PH
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2020 - Completing a worldwide picture: preliminary evidence of lead exposure in a scavenging bird from mainland Australia
Lohr MT, Hampton JO, Cherriman S, Busetti F, Lohr C
Science of The Total Environment, 2019 - Lead concentrations in antlers of European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from an agricultural area in Northern Germany over a 119-year period—a historical biomonitoring study
Ludolphy C, Kierdorf U, Kierdorf H
Environ Sci Pollut Res, 2021. - Excessive lead burden among golden eagles in the Swiss Alps
Madry MM, Kraemer T, Kupper J, Naegeli H, Jenny H, Jenni L, Jenny D
Environmental Research Letters, 2015 - Lead intoxication in free-ranging bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)
Manning LK, Wünschmann A, Armién AG, Willette M, MacAulay K, Bender JB, Buchweitz JP, Redig P
Veterinary Pathology, 2019 - Causes of Mortality in Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in The Canadian Maritime Provinces, 1991-2016
Mathieu A, Parmley EJ, McBurney S, Robertson C, Van Doninck H, Daoust P-Y
Canadian Wildlife Biology and Management, 2020 - Sub-lethal exposure to lead is associated with heightened aggression in an urban songbird
McClelland SC, Ribeiro RD, Mielke HW, Finkelstein ME, Gonzales CR, Jones JA, Komdeur J, Derryberry E, Saltzberg EB, Karubian J
Science of the Total Environment, 2019 - Lead isotopic signatures in blood from incubating common eiders (Somateria mollissima) in the central Baltic Sea
McPartland M, Garbus S-E, Lierhagen S, Sonne C, Krøkje Å
Environment International, 2020 - Free lunch, may contain lead: scavenging shot small mammals
Mctee M, Hiller B, Ramsey P
Journal of Wildlife Management, 2019 - Risk assessment of lead poisoning and pesticide exposure in the declining population of red-breasted goose (Branta ruficollis) wintering in Eastern Europe
Mateo R, Petkov N, Lopez-Antia A, Rodríguez-Estival J, Green AJ
Environmental Research, 2016 - Mapping the spatio-temporal risk of lead exposure in apex species for more effective mitigation
Mateo-Tomás P, Olea PP, Jimé nez-Moreno M, Camarero PR, Sánchez-Barbudo IS, Rodríguez Martín-Doimeadios RC, Mateo R
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2016 - Relationship between blood lead levels and physiological stress in mute swans (Cygnus olor) in municipal beaches of the southern Baltic
Meissner W, Binkowski ŁJ, Barker J, Hahn A, Trzeciak M
Science of the Total Environment, 2020 - Poisoning of reintroduced red kites (Milvus milvus) in England
Molenaar FM, Jaffe JE, Carter I, Barnett EA, Shore RF, Marcus Rowcliffe J, Sainsbury AW
European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2017 - Lead contamination in raptors in Europe: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Monclús L, Shore RF, Krone O
Science of The Total Environment, 2020 - Monitoring contaminants, emerging infectious diseases and environmental change with raptors, and links to human health
Movalli P, Krone O, Osborn D, Pain D
Bird Study, 2018 - Lead exposure and food processing in white-tailed eagles and other scavengers: an experimental approach to simulate lead uptake at shot mammalian carcasses
Nadjafzadeh M, Hofer H, Krone O
European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2015 - Spatial, seasonal and individual variation in the diet of white-tailed eagles Haliaeetus albicilla assessed using stable isotope ratios
Nadjafzadeh M, Voigt CC, Krone O
Ibis, 2016 - Lead ingestion as a potential contributing factor to the decline in vulture populations in southern Africa
Naidoo V, Wolter K, Botha CJ
Environmental Research, 2017 - Widespread exposure to lead affects the body condition of free-living whooper swans Cygnus cygnus wintering in Britain
Newth JL, Rees EC, Cromie RL, McDonald RA, Bearhop S, Pain DJ, Norton GJ, Deacon C, Hilton GM
Environmental Pollution, 2016 - Effects of lead from ammunition on birds and other wildlife: a review and update
Pain DJ, Mateo R, Green RE
Ambio, 2019 - High Frequency of Lead Exposure in the Population of an Endangered Australian Top Predator, the Tasmanian Wedge-Tailed Eagle (Aquila audax fleayi)
Pay JM, Katzner TE, Hawkins CE, Koch AJ, Wiersma JM, Brown WE, Mooney NJ, Cameron EZ
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2020 - Winter diet and lead poisoning risk of Greater Spotted Eagles Clanga clanga in southeast Spain
Pérez-García JM, Marco-Tresserras J, Orihuela-Torres A
Bird Study, 2020 - Ultrastructural study of liver and lead tissue concentrations in young mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) after ingestion of single lead shot
Pineau A, Fauconneau B, Plouzeau E, Fernandez B, Quellard N, Levillain P, Guillard O
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2017 - What do we know about lead contamination in wild vultures and condors? A review of decades of research
Plaza PI, Lambertucci SA
Science of the Total Environment, 2019 - Comparison of lead contamination among related scavenging birds sharing food sources: a call for caution when using surrogate species
Plaza PI, Wiemeyer G, Lambertucci SA
Ibis, 2020 - Lack of observed movement response to lead exposure of California condors
Poessel SA, Brandt J, Uyeda L, Astell M, Katzner TE
The Journal of Wildlife Management, 2018 - Implications of mercury and lead concentrations on breeding physiology and phenology in an Arctic bird
Provencher JF, Forbes MR, Hennin HL, Love OP, Braune BM, Mallory ML, Gilchrist HG
Environmental Pollution, 2016 - Chronic lead intoxication decreases intestinal helminth species richness and infection intensity in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)
Prüter H, Franz M, Auls S, Czirják GÁ, Greben O, Greenwood AD, Lisitsyna O, Syrota Y, Sitko J, Krone O
Science of the Total Environment, 2018 - Toxicity assessment on the levels of select metals in the critically endangered Indian white-backed vulture, Gyps bengalensis, in India
Rajamani J, Subramanian M
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2015 - Lead in terrestrial game birds from Spain
Romero D, de José A, Theureau JM, Ferrer A, Raigón MD, Torregrosa JB
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020 - Spent lead shot availability and ingestion by ring-necked pheasants in South Dakota
Runia TJ, Solem AJ
Wildlife Society Bulletin, 2016 - Causes of mortality in eagles submitted to the National Wildlife Health Center 1975-2013
Russell RE, Franson JC
Wildlife Society Bulletin, 2014 - Consequences of trace metal cocktail exposure in zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) and effect of calcium supplementation
Saulnier A, Bleu J, Boos A, El Masoudi I, Ronot P, Zahn S, Del Nero M, Massemin S
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2020 - Sources of mortality in bald eagles in Michigan, 1986–2017
Simon KL, Best DA, Sikarskie JG, Pittman HT, Bowerman WW, Cooley TM, Stolz S
The Journal of Wildlife Management, 2020 - Consequences of migratory coupling of predators and prey when mediated by human actions
Singh NJ, Ecke F, Katzner T, Bagchi S, Sandström P, Hörnfeldt B
Diversity and Distributions, 2021 - Lead in piscivorous raptors during breeding season in the Chesapeake Bay region of Maryland and Virginia, USA
Slabe VA, Anderson JT, Cooper J, Brown B, Ortiz P, Buchweitz J, McRuer D, Katzner T
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2019 - Lead exposure biomarkers in the common loon
Specht AJ, Kirchner KE, Weisskopf MG, Pokras MA
Science of the Total Environment, 2019 - Response to letter to the editor “Conservation efforts risk poisoning endangered New Zealand kea”
Sriram A, Roe W, Booth M, Gartrell B
Science of the Total Environment, 2019 - Studies of lead residues in bones and feathers of griffon vultures
Stamberov P, Mehmedov T
Tradition and Modernity in Veterinary Medicine, 2020 - Mallards Anas platyrhynchos shot in Eastern Poland: ecological risk evaluated by analysis of trace elements in liver
Sujak A, Wiącek D, Jakubas D, Komosa A, Kitowski I
Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2019 - Concentration and origin of lead (Pb) in liver and bone of Eurasian buzzards (Buteo buteo) in the United Kingdom
Taggart MA, Shore RF, Pain DJ, Peniche G, Martinez-Haro M, Mateo R, Homann J, Raab A, Feldmann J, Lawlor AJ, Potter ED, Walker LA, Braidwood DW, French AS, Parry-Jones J, Swift JA, Green RE
Environmental Pollution, 2020 - Lead exposure in consumers of culled invasive alien mammals in El Palmar National Park, Argentina
Tammone A, Caselli AE, Condorí WE, Fernandez V, Estein SM, Vanstreels RET, Sosa C, Delaloye A, Uhart MM
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021 - Evidence of high tolerance to ecologically relevant lead shot pellet exposures by an upland bird
Tannenbaum L
Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 2014 - Analysis of lead distribution in avian organs by LA-ICP-MS: Study of experimentally lead-exposed ducks and kites
Torimoto R, Ishii C, Sato H, Saito K, Watanabe Y, Ogasawara K, Kubota A, Matsukawa T, Yokoyama K, Kobayashi A, Kimura T, Nakayama SMM, Ikenaka Y, Ishizuka M
Environmental Pollution, 2021 - Relationship between blood test values and blood lead (Pb) levels in Black-headed gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus: Laridae)
Ushine N, Nakayama S, Ishizuka M, Sato T, Kurahashi Y, Wakayama E, Sugiura N, Hayama SI
The Journal of veterinary medical science, 2020 - Altered immune response in mallard ducklings exposed to lead through maternal transfer in the wild
Vallverdú-Coll N, López-Antia A, Martinez-Haro M, Ortiz-Santaliestra ME, Mateo R
Environmental Pollution, 2015 - Immunotoxic effects of lead on birds
Vallverdú-Coll N, Mateo R, Mougeot F, Ortiz-Santaliestra ME
Science of the Total Environment, 2019 - Effects of lead exposure on sperm quality and reproductive success in an avian model
Vallverdú-Coll N, Mougeot F, Ortiz-Santaliestra ME, Castaño C, Santiago-Moreno J, Mateo R
Environmental Science & Technology, 2016 - Lead exposure reduces carotenoid-based coloration and constitutive immunity in wild mallards
Vallverdú-Coll N, Mougeot F, Ortiz-Santaliestra ME, Rodriguez-Estival J, López-Antia A, Mateo R
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2016 - Sublethal Pb exposure produces season-dependent effects on immune response, oxidative balance and investment in carotenoid-based coloration in red-legged partridges
Vallverdú-Coll N, Ortiz-Santaliestra ME, Mougeot F, Vidal D, Mateo R
Environmental Science and Technology, 2015 - Blood and bone lead levels in South Africa’s Gyps vultures: Risk to nest-bound chicks and comparison with other avian taxa
van den Heever L, Smit-Robinson H, Naidoo V, McKechnie AE
Science of the Total Environment, 2019 - Eagle visitation rates to carrion in a winter scavenging guild
Watson JW, Vekasy MS, Nelson JD, Orr MR
The Journal of Wildlife Management, 2019 - Bald eagle lead exposure in the Upper Midwest
Warner SE, Britton EE, Becker DN, Coffey MJ
Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, 2014 - Feasibility of California condor recovery in northern California, USA: contaminants in surrogate turkey vultures and common ravens
West CJ, Wolfe JD, Wiegardt A, Williams-Claussen T
The Condor, 2017 - Repeated conservation threats across the Americas: high levels of blood and bone lead in the Andean condor widen the problem to a continental scale
Wiemeyer GM, Pérez MA, Torres Bianchini L, Sampietro L, Bravo GF, Jácome NL, Astore V, Lambertucci SA
Environmental Pollution, 2017 - Heavy metal accumulation as a threat to the endangered Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus L.) in Turkey
Yamac E, Özden M, Balaban S, Malkoc S
Turkish Journal of Zoology, 2019 - Lead poisoning in bald eagles admitted to wildlife rehabilitation facilities in Iowa, 2004-2014
Yaw T, Neumann K, Bernard L, Cancilla J, Evans T, Martin-Schwarze A, Zaffarano B
Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, 2017
Population Level Effects
- Effects of lead exposure, environmental conditions, and metapopulation processes on population dynamics of spectacled eiders
Flint PL, Grand JB, Petersen MR, Rockwell RF
North American Fauna, 2016 - Population-level effects of lead fishing tackle on common loons
Grade TJ, Pokras MA, Laflamme EM, Vogel HS
The Journal of Wildlife Management, 2018 - Possible effects of ingested lead gunshot on populations of ducks wintering in the UK
Green RE, Pain DJ
Ibis, 2016 - Spatiotemporal patterns and risk factors for lead exposure in endangered California condors during 15 years of reintroduction
Kelly TR, Grantham J, George D, Welch A, Brandt J, Burnett LJ, Sorenson KJ, Johnson M, Poppenga R, Moen D, Rasico J, Rivers JW, Battistone C & Johnson CK
Conservation Biology, 2014 - Can ingestion of lead shot and poisons change population trends of three European birds: grey partridge, common buzzard, and red kite?
Meyer CB, Meyer JS, Francisco AB, Holder J, Verdonck F
PLoS ONE, 2016
Risks to Human Health
- Hunting, sale, and consumption of bushmeat killed by lead-based ammunition in Benin
Ahmadi S, Maman S, Zoumenou R, Massougbodji A, Cot M, Glorennec P, Bodeau-Livinec F
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2018 - Lead ammunition residues in the meat of hunted woodcock: a potential health risk to consumers
Andreotti A, Borghesi F, Aradis A
Italian Journal of Animal Science, 2016 - Blood lead surveillance and exposure sources among Alaska children
Bressler JM, Yoder S, Cooper S, McLaughlin J
Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 2019 - Aggregate-level lead exposure, gun violence, homicide, and rape
Boutwell BB, Nelson EJ, Qian Z, Vaughn MG, Wright JP, Beaver KM, Barnes JC, Petkovsek M, Lewis R, Schootman M, Rosenfeld R
PLoS One, 2017 - Eliminating potential lead exposure in imported New Zealand wild game
Buenz EJ
Public Health, 2016 - Lead exposure through eating wild game
Buenz EJ
The American Journal of Medicine, 2016 - Chronic lead intoxication from eating wild-harvested game
Buenz EJ, Parry GJ
American Journal of Medicine, 2017 - Retained lumbar bullet: a case report of chronic lead toxicity and review of the literature
Bustamante ND, Macias-Konstantopoulos WL
Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2016 - Trace Elements in Home-Processed Food Obtained from Unconventional Animals
Carpenè E, Andreani G, Ferlizza E, Menotta S, Fedrizzi G, Isani G
Life (Basel), 2020 - Association between early lead exposure and externalizing behaviors in adolescence: a developmental cascade
Desrochers-Couture M, Courtemanche Y, Forget-Dubois N, Bélanger RE, Boucher O, Ayotte P, Cordier S, Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW, Muckle G
Environmental Research, 2019 - Blood lead concentrations as a result of retained lead pellets in the craniomaxillofacial region in Benin City, Nigeria
Edetanlen BE, Saheeb BD
British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2016 - Elemental composition of food on the Austrian market
Erti K
Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, 2018 - Elemental composition of game meat from Austria
Ertl K, Kitzer R, Goessler W
Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 2016 - Blood lead levels in us women of childbearing age, 1976–2016
Ettinger AS, Egan KB, Homa DM, Brown MJ
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2020 - Lead exposure through consumption of big game meat in Quebec, Canada: risk assessment and perception
Fachehoun RC, Lévesque B, Dumas P, St-Louis A, Dubé M, Ayotte P
Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 2015 - Lead in game bird meat as a risk to public health: new aspects in the light of physical phenomena generated by a projectile
Felsmann MZ, Szarek J, Felsmann M, Gulda D
Journal of Elementology, 2016 - Wild game consumption habits among Italian shooters: relevance for intakes of cadmium, perfluorooctanesulphonic acid, and 137cesium as priority contaminants
Ferri M, Baldi L, Cavallo S, Pellicanò R, Brambilla G
Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 2017 - Identification of environmental sources of lead exposure in Nunavut (Canada) using stable isotope analyses
Fillion M, Blais JM, Yumvihoze E, Nakajima M, Workman P, Osborne G, Chan HM
Environment International, 2014 - Blood lead levels following consumption of game meat in Italy
Fustinoni S, Sucato S, Consonni D, Mannucci PM, Moretto A
Environmental Research, 2017 - Health Risk Assessment for Human Exposure to Trace Metals Via Bushmeat in Ghana
Gbogbo F, Rainhill JE, Koranteng SS, Owusu EH, Dorleku W-P
Biological Trace Element Research, 2020 - Risks to human health from ammunition-derived lead in Europe
Green RE, Pain DJ
Ambio, 2019 - Heads in the sand: public health and ecological risks of lead-based bullets for wildlife shooting in Australia
Hampton JO, Laidlaw M, Buenz E, Arnemo JM
Wildlife Research, 2018 - Blood lead levels in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review
Howard H, Nash E, Ferraro G, Sinitsky J, Taylor MP
The Lancet, Planetary Health, 2021 - Risk assessment of dietary lead exposure among First Nations people living on-reserve in Ontario, Canada using a total diet study and a probabilistic approach
Juric AK, Batal M, David W, Sharp D, Schwartz H, Ing A, Fediuk K, Black A, Tikhonov C, Chan HM, Chan L
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2018 - Congenital lead poisoning in three siblings from a mother with retained bullet fragments
Karpen SR, Hurst NB, Plitt J, Chase P, Shirazi FM
Clinical Toxicology, 2015 - Detection of lead nanoparticles in game meat by single particle ICP-MS following use of lead-containing bullets
Kollander B, Widemo F, Ågren E, Larsen EH, Loeschner K
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2017 - Risk assessment of lead exposure from cervid meat in Norwegian consumers and in hunting dogs
Knutsen HK, Brantsæter AL, Fæste CK, Ruus A, Thomsen C, Skåre JU, Amlund H, Arukwe A, Eriksen GS
European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety, 2019 - Lead exposure at firing ranges – a review
Laidlaw MAS, Filippelli G, Mielke H, Gulson B, Ball AS
Environmental Health, 2017 - Lead and the heart: an ancient metal’s contribution to modern disease
Landrigan PJ
The Lancet: Public Health, 2018 - Low-level lead exposure and mortality in US adults: a population-based cohort study
Lanphear BP, Rauch S, Auinger P, Allen RW, Hornung RW
The Lancet: Public Health, 2018 - Cadmium, lead, and mercury exposure assessment among Croatian consumers of free-living game
Lazarus M, Prevendar Crnić A, Bilandžić N, Kusak J, Reljić S
Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 2014 - Toxic heavy metals in the muscle of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) – food toxicological significance
Lehel J, Laczay P, Gyurcsó A, Jánoska F, Majoros S, Lányi K, Marosán M
Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 2016 - Lead Levels in Wild Boar Meat Sauce (Ragù) Sold on the Italian Market
Lenti A, Menozzi A, Fedrizzi G, Menotta S, Iemmi T, Galletti G, Serventi P, Bertini S
International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health, 2021 - Source identification of human exposure to lead in nine Cree Nations from Quebec, Canada (Eeyou Istchee territory)
Liberda EN, Tsuji LJ, Martin ID, Ayotte P, Robinson E, Dewailly E, Nieboer E
Environmental Research, 2018 - Association of lead-exposure risk and family income with childhood brain outcomes
Marshall AT, Betts S, Kan EC, McConnell R, Lanphear BP, Sowell ER
Nature Medicine, 2020 - Comparison of lead levels in edible parts of red deer hunted with lead or non-lead ammunition
Martin A, Müller-Graf C, Selhorst T, Gerofke A, Ulbig E, Gremse C, Greiner M, Lahrssen-Wiederholt M, Hensel A
Science of the Total Environment, 2018 - The role of the South African Medical Research Council in reducing lead exposure and preventing lead poisoning in South Africa
Mathee A, Naicker N, von Schirnding Y
South African Medical Journal, 2019 - Lead exposure through consumption of small game harvested using lead-based ammunition and the corresponding health risks to first nations in Alberta, Canada
McAuley C, Ng C, McFarland C, Dersch A, Koppe B, Sowan D
Cogent Environmental Science, 2018 - Systemic lead poisoning in an infant after gunshot injury to the spine and brain
Montague A, Orozco B
Clinical Toxicology, 2017 - Is there a relationship between lead exposure and aggressive behavior in shooters?
Naicker N, de Jager P, Naidoo S, Mathee A
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2018 - Occupational lead exposure from indoor firing ranges in Korea
Park WJ, Lee SH, Lee SH, Yoon HS, Moon JD
Journal of Korean Medical Science, 2016 - Association of childhood blood lead levels with cognitive function and socioeconomic status at age 38 years and with IQ change and socioeconomic mobility between childhood and adulthood
Reuben A, Caspi A, Belsky DW, Broadbent J, Harrington H, Sugden K, Houts RM, Ramrakha S, Poulton R, Moffitt TE
JAMA, 2017 - Including eating lead-shot meat in the differential diagnosis of non-specific symptoms
Parry G, Buenz EJ
Internal Medicine Journal, 2020. - Occupational exposure to airborne lead in Brazilian police officers
Rocha ED, Sarkis JES, Carvalho MDH, dos Santos GV, Canesso C
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2014 - Essential and toxic elements in meat of wild birds
Roselli C, Desideri D, Meli MA, Fagiolino I, Feduzi L
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2016 - Lead pellet ingestion in 3 children: another source for lead toxicity
Rozier B, Liebelt E
Pediatric Emergency Care, 2019 - Marination increases the bioavailability of lead in game meat shot with lead ammunition
Schulz K, Brenneis F, Winterhalter R, Spolders M, Fromme H, Dietrich S, Wolf P, Gremse C, Schafft H, Pieper R, Lahrssen-Wiederholt M
Journal of Nutritional Science, 2021 - Long-term simulation of lead concentrations in agricultural soils in relation to human adverse health effects
Schupp T, Damm G, Foth H, Freyberger A, Gebel T, Gundert-Remy U, Hengstler JG, Mangerich A, Partosch F, Röhl C, Wollin KM
Archives of Toxicology, 2020 - Proximal muscle weakness in severe lead poisoning from retained bullet fragments
Srisuma S, Lavonas EJ, Wananukul W
Clinical Toxicology, 2015 - Lead concentration in game migratory upland bird meat: Influence of ammunition impacts and health risk assessment
Sevillano-Caño J, Cámara-Martos F, Zamora-Díaz R, Sevillano–Morales JS
Food Control, 2021 - Risk Assessment of Cd, Cu, and Pb from the consumption of hunted meat: red-legged partridge and wild rabbit
Sevillano-Morales JS, Sevillano-Caño J, Cámara-Martos F, Moreno-Ortega A, Amaro-López MA, Arenas-Casas A, Moreno-Rojas A
Biological Trace Element Research, 2021 - Feasibility of Lead Exposure Assessment in Blood Spots using Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence
Specht AJ, Obryck JF, Mazumdar M, Weisskopf MG
Environmental Science & Technology, 2021 - Metal deposition of copper and lead bullets in moose harvested in Fennoscandia
Stokke S, Brainerd S, Arnemo JM
Wildlife Society Bulletin, 2017 - Lead Contamination Differences in the Muscle of Wild Turkeys Harvested with Lead and Copper-Plated Lead Shot
Tisdale CA, Martin JA, Beasley JC
Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, 2021 - Lead in minced beef from Norwegian hunted game, Elk (Alces alces)
Vogt G, Tysnes EA
Eurofins, 2015 - Elevated blood lead levels associated with retained bullet fragments – United States, 2003-2012
Weiss D, Tomasallo CD, Meiman JG, Alarcon W, Graber NM, Bisgard KM, Anderson HA
MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2017 - Lead Contamination in Ground Venison from Shotgun-Harvested White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Illinois
Wilson WA, Harper RG, Alexander G, Perara M, Fraker M
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 2021
Risk to Domestic and Captive Animals
- Lead toxicity cases highlight a need to check pastures for possible sources of poisoning
APHA Surveillance Report
Vet Record, 2020 - Disease surveillance in England and Wales
APHA Surveillance Report
Veterinary Record, 2016 - Lead exposure in dogs fed game meat and offal from culled invasive species in El Palmar National Park, Argentina
Fernández V, Caselli A, Tammone A, Condorí WE, Vanstreels RET, Delaloye A, Sosa C, Uhart MM
Environmental Science Pollution Research, 2021 - Lead intoxication in dogs: risk assessment of feeding dogs trimmings of lead-shot game
Høgåsen HR, Ørnsrud R, Knutsen HK, Bernhoft A
BMC Veterinary Research, 2016 - High blood lead concentrations in captive Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii): a threat to the conservation of the species?
Hivert LG, Clarke JR, Peck SJ, Lawrence C, Brown WE, Huxtable SJ, Schaap D, Pemberton D, Grueber CE
Australian Veterinary Journal, 2018 - Risk assessment of lead exposure from cervid meat in Norwegian consumers and in hunting dogs
Knutsen HK, Brantsæter AL, Fæste CK, Ruus A, Thomsen C, Skåre JU, Amlund H, Arukwe A, Eriksen GS
European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety, 2019 - Comparing erosion and organ accumulation rates of lead and alternative lead-free ammunition fed to captive domestic ducks
Krone O, Kenntner N, Ebner N, Szentiks CA, Dänicke S
Ambio, 2019 - Suspected lead poisoning in two captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus) in South Africa, in 2008 and 2013
North MA, Lane EP, Marnewick K, Caldwell P, Carlisle G, Hoffman LC
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 2015 - Lead intoxication incidents associated with shot from clay pigeon shooting
Payne JH, Holmes JP, Hogg RA, van der Burgt GM, Jewell NJ, Welchman D de B
The Veterinary Record, 2013 - Ingestion of a single 2.3 mm lead pellet by laying roller pigeon hens reduces egg size and adversely affects F1 generation hatchlings
Williams RJ, Tannenbaum LV, Williams SM, Holladay SD, Tuckfield RC, Sharma A, Humphrey DJ, Gogal RM
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2017
Environmental Contamination
- The influence of environmental conditions on lead transfer from spent gunshot to sediments and water: other routes for Pb poisoning
Binkowski ŁJ
Chemosphere, 2017 - Leaching behavior and ecotoxicological effects of different game shot materials in freshwater
Fäth J, Feiner M, Beggel S, Geist J, Göttlein A
Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, 2018 - Systematic review and meta-analyses of lead (Pb) concentrations in environmental media (soil, dust, water, food, and air) reported in the United States from 1996 to 2016
Frank JJ, Poulakos AG, Tornero-Velez R, Xue J
Science of the Total Environment, 2019 - Lead seasonality in humans, animals, and the natural environment
Levin R, Vieira CL, Mordarski DC, Rosenbaum MH
Environmental Research, 2019 - Density of lead and nontoxic shotshell pellets in Gulf Coast prairie ricelands
Marty JR, Davis JB, Brasher MG, Kaminski RM, Brinkman EL
Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, 2017 - Lead pollution from waterfowl hunting in wetlands and rice fields in Argentina
Romano M, Ferreyra H, Ferreyroa G, Molina FV, Caselli A, Barberis I, Beldoménico P, Uhart M
Science of the Total Environment, 2016 - The role of macroinvertebrates in the distribution of lead (Pb) within an urban marsh ecosystem
Ryan SC, Belby CS, King-Heiden TC, Haro RJ, Ogorek J, Gerrish GA
Hydrobiologia, 2019
Ecological Impacts, Contamination, and Mitigation in Firing Ranges
- Accumulation of lead (Pb) in brown trout (Salmo trutta) from a lake downstream a former shooting range
Mariussen E, Heier LS, Teien HC, Pettersen MN, Holth TF, Salbu B, Rosseland BO
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2017 - Distribution and mobility of lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and antimony (Sb) from ammunition residues on shooting ranges for small arms located on mires
Mariussen E, Johnsen IV, Strømseng AE
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2017 - Application of sorbents in different soil types from small arms shooting ranges for immobilization of lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and antimony (Sb)
Mariussen E, Johnsen IV, Strømseng AE
Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2018 - Selective adsorption of lead, copper and antimony in runoff water from a small arms shooting range with a combination of charcoal and iron hydroxide
Mariussen E, Johnsen IV, Strømseng AE
Journal of Environmental Management, 2015 - Antimony (Sb) and lead (Pb) in contaminated shooting range soils: Sb and Pb mobility and immobilization by iron based sorbents, a field study
Okkenhaug G, Grasshorn Gebhardt KA, Amstaetter K, Lassen Bue H, Herzel H, Mariussen E, Rossebø Almås Å, Cornelissen G, Breedveld GD, Rasmussen G, Mulder J
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2016 - Shooting range contamination: mobility and transport of lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and antimony (Sb) in contaminated peatland
Okkenhaug G, Smebye AB, Pabst T, Amundsen CE, Sævarsson H, Breedveld GD
Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2018 - Lead and PAHs contamination of an old shooting range: a case study with a holistic approach
Rodríguez-Seijo A, Cachada A, Gavina A, Duarte AC, Vega FA, Andrade ML, Pereira R
Science of the Total Environment, 2017 - Pollution and risk assessment of potential hazardous elements in a shooting range soils (NW Spain)
Rodríguez-Seijo A, Lago-Vila M, Arenas-Lago D, Andrade ML, Vega FA
Spanish Journal of Soil Science, 2016 - Copper, chromium, nickel, lead and zinc levels and pollution degree in firing range soils
Rodríguez-Seijo A, Alfaya MC, Andrade ML, Vega FA
Land Degradation and Development, 2016 - Lead pollution of shooting range soils
Sehube N, Kelebemang R, Totolo O, Laetsang M, Kamwi O, Dinake P
South African Journal of Chemistry, 2017 - Assessing lead, nickel, and zinc pollution in topsoil from a historic shooting range rehabilitated into a Public Urban Park
Urrutia-Goyes R, Argyraki A, Ornelas-Soto N
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2017
Alternatives to Lead
Shot
- Switch to non-toxic shot in the Camargue, France: effect on waterbird contamination and hunter effectiveness
Mondain-Monval JY, Defos du Rau P, Guillemain M, Olivier A
European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2015 - A comparison of lead and steel shot loads for harvesting mourning doves
Pierce BL, Roster TA, Frisbie MC, Mason CD, Roberson JA
Wildlife Society Bulletin, 2015 - The transition to non-lead sporting ammunition and fishing weights: Review of progress and barriers to implementation
Thomas V, Kanstrup N, Fox AD
Ambio, 2019 - Lead pollution from hunting ammunition in Argentina and current state of lead shot replacement efforts
Uhart M, del Valle Ferreyra H, Romano M, Muchiutti A, Alzuagaray S, Santiago M, Caselli A
Ambio, 2019
Bullets
- Reducing impacts from ammunitions: a comparative life-cycle assessment of four types of 9 mm ammunitions
Ferreira C, Ribeiro J, Almada S, Rotariu T, Freire F
Science of the Total Environment, 2016 - Performance of lead-free versus lead-based hunting ammunition in ballistic soap
Gremse F, Krone O, Thamm M, Kiessling F, Tolba RH, Rieger S, Gremse C
PLoS ONE, 2014 - Assessment of Lead-Free .22 LR Bullets for Shooting European Rabbits
Hampton JO, DeNicola AJ, Forsyth DM
Wildlife Society Bulletin, 2020 - Efficacy of non-lead rifle ammunition for hunting in Denmark
Kanstrup N, Balsby TJS, Thomas VG
European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2016 - Non-lead rifle ammunition: Danish hunters’ attitudes
Kanstrup N, Balsby TJS, Mellerup KA, Hansen HP
Environmental Sciences Europe, 2021 - Bly i riffelammunition – danske jægeres kendskab og holdning
Kanstrup N, Hansen HP, Balsby TJS and Mellerup KA
Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, 2020 - Hunting of roe deer and wild boar in Germany: is non-lead ammunition suitable for hunting?
Martin A, Gremse C, Selhorst T, Bandick N, Müller-Graf C, Greiner M, Lahrssen-Wiederholt M
PLoS ONE, 2017 - Comparison of lead levels in edible parts of red deer hunted with lead or non-lead ammunition
Martin A, Müller-Graf C, Selhorst T, Gerofke A, Ulbig E, Gremse C, Greiner M, Lahrssen-Wiederholt M, Hensel A
Science of the Total Environment, 2019 - Efficacy of non-lead ammunition for culling elk at Theodore Roosevelt National Park
McCann BE, Whitworth W, Newman RA
Human-Wildlife Interactions, 2016 - Better bullets to shoot small mammals without poisoning scavengers
McTee M, Young M, Umansky A, Ramsey P
Wildlife Society Bulletin, 2017 - Lead and copper in hunted wild boars and radiographic evaluation of bullet fragmentation between ammunitions
Menozzi A, Menotta S, Fedrizzi G, Lenti A, Cantoni AM, Di Lecce R, Gnudi G, Pérez-López M, Bertini S
Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 2019 - Nickel and copper residues in meat from wild artiodactyls hunted with nickel-plated non-lead rifle bullets
Paulsen P, Sager M
European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2017 - Estimating lead fragmentation from ammunition for muzzleloading and black powder cartridge rifles
Sanchez DM, Epps CW, Taylor DS
Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, 2016 - The transition to non-lead sporting ammunition and fishing weights: Review of progress and barriers to implementation
Thomas V, Kanstrup N, Fox AD
Ambio, 2019
Toxicity from Lead and Non-lead Alternatives
- Comparing acute toxicity of gunshot particles, from firing conventional and lead-free ammunition, in pulmonary epithelial cell cultures
Bergström U, Ekstrand-Hammarström B, Hägglund L, Wingfors H
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2015 - Leaching behavior and ecotoxicological effects of different game shot materials in freshwater
Fäth J, Feiner M, Beggel S, Geist J, Göttlein A
Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, 2018 - Characterization of exposure to byproducts from firing lead-free frangible ammunition in an enclosed, ventilated firing range
Grabinski CM, Methner MM, Jackson JM, Moore AL, Flory LE, Tilly T, Hussain SM, Ott DK
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2017 - Comparing erosion and organ accumulation rates of lead and alternative lead-free ammunition fed to captive domestic ducks
Krone O, Kenntner N, Ebner N, Szentiks CA, Dänicke S
Ambio, 2019 - Evaluation of exposure to airborne heavy metals at gun shooting ranges
Lach K, Steer B, Gorbunov B, Mička V, Muir R
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 2015 - Copper and zinc content in wild game shot with lead or non-lead ammunition – implications for consumer health protection
Schlichting D, Sommerfeld C, Müller-Graf C, Selhorst T, Greiner M, Gerofke A, Ulbig E, Gremse C, Spolders M, Schafft H, Lahrssen-Wiederholt M
PLoS ONE, 2017 - Elemental tungsten, tungsten–nickel alloys and shotgun ammunition: resolving issues of their relative toxicity
Thomas VG
European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2016 - Health effects after firing small arms comparing leaded and unleaded ammunition
Voie Ø, Borander AK, Sikkeland LIB, Grahnstedt S, Johnsen A, Danielsen TE, Longva K, Kongerud J
Inhalation Toxicology, 2014
People, Policy and Economics
- Economic assessment of wild bird mortality induced by the use of lead gunshot in European wetlands
Andreotti A, Guberti V, Nardelli R, Pirrello S, Serra L, Volponi S, Green RE
Science of the Total Environment, 2018 - Health and environmental risks from lead-based ammunition: science versus socio-politics
Arnemo JM, Andersen O, Stokke S, Thomas VG, Krone O, Pain DJ, Mateo R
EcoHealth, 2016 - Transition to lead-free ammunition benefits all
Arnemo JM, Cromie R, Fox AD, Kanstrup N, Mateo R, Pain DJ, Thomas VG
Ambio 2019 - Much ado about nothing: a conceptual discussion on novel or niche tourism in protected areas
Blackmore A
Parks Journal, 2020 - Non-lead ammunition may reduce lead levels in wild game
Buenz EJ
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2016 - Assessing the Impacts to Society Associated with the Use of Alternative Ammunition for Hunting on National Wildlife Refuges
Cahill, C
University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2021 - Unlead-Ed A journey to lead-free hunting at Paul Smit’s college
Canover RR
The Wildlife Professional, 2020 - Transitioning to non-toxic ammunition: making change happen
Cromie R, Newth J, Strong E
Ambio, 2019 - A Profile of Waterfowl Hunting and Hunters in the UK, Human Dimensions of Wildlife
Ellis M
Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 2014 - Considering the switch: challenges of transitioning to non-lead hunting ammunition
Epps CW
The Condor, 2014 - Ethical and legal bird hunting duties by Polish veterinarians
Felsmann MZ, Szarek J, Sołtyszewski I, Karaźniewicz J
Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 2020 - Lessons learned from 33 years of lead shot regulation in Denmark
Kanstrup N
Ambio, 2019 - Transitioning to lead-free ammunition use in hunting: socio-economic and regulatory considerations for the European Union and other jurisdictions
Kanstrup N, Thomas VG
Environmental Sciences Europe, 2020 - The transition to non-lead rifle ammunition in Denmark: national obligations and policy considerations
Kanstrup N, Thomas VG, Krone O, Gremse C
Ambio, 2016 - Reducing Pb poisoning in birds and Pb exposure in game meat consumers: the dual benefit of effective Pb shot regulation
Mateo R, Vallverdú-Coll N, López-Antia A, Taggart MA, Martínez-Haro M, Guitart R, Ortiz-Santaliestra ME
Environment International, 2014 - Problems created by the continuing use of lead ammunition in game hunting
Newton, I
British Birds, 2016 - Perspectives of ammunition users on the use of lead ammunition and its potential impacts on wildlife and humans
Newth JL, Lawrence A, Cromie RL, Swift JA, Rees EC, Wood KA, Strong EA, Reeves J, McDonald RA
People and Nature, 2019 - Interdiction du plomb de chasse, une difficile mise en œuvre
Olivier A, Mondain-Monval J-Y, Cardoso O
Camargue, France, 2020 - Wildlife, human and environmental costs of using lead ammunition: an economic review and analysis
Pain DJ, Dickie I, Green RE, Kanstrup N, Cromie R
Ambio, 2019 - The tide is turning for lead ammunition
Pain D, Swift J, Green R, Cromie R
British Birds, 2020 - Further news on lead ammunition
Pain D, Swift J, Green R, Cromie R
British Birds, 2020 - Perspectives from natural resource professionals: Attitudes on lead ammunition risks and use of nonlead ammunition
Schulz JH, Wilhelm Stanis SA, Morgan M, Jie Li C, Hall DM, Webb EB
Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 2021 - Communication strategies for reducing lead poisoning in wildlife and human health risks
Schulz JH, Wilhelm Stanis SA, Webb EB, Li CJ, Hall DM
Wildlife Society Bulletin, 2019 - Hunting, Sale, and Consumption of Bushmeat Killed by Lead-Based Ammunition in Benin
Shukrullah A, Maman S, Zoumenou R , Massougbodji A, Cot M, Glorennec P, Bodeau-Livinec F
International Journal of environmental research and public health, 2018 - The lead fix: a brief global overview
Swift JA
Presentation to The Conservation Symposium, Lions River, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 4-8 November 2019 - Rationale for the regulated transition to non-lead products in Canada: a policy discussion paper
Thomas VG
Science of the Total Environment, 2019 - Design of non-lead rifle bullets to allow instant identification
Thomas VG
European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2016 - Non-lead rifle hunting ammunition: issues of availability and performance in Europe
Thomas VG, Gremse C, Kanstrup N
European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2016 - Exposure to lead through ammunition: need to revise policies
Thomas VG, Guitart R
Environmental Policy & Law, 2016 - Setting maximum levels for lead in game meat in EC regulations: An adjunct to replacement of lead ammunition
Thomas VG, Pain DJ, Kanstrup N, Green RE
Ambio, 2020 - Lead in hunted meat: Who’s telling hunters and their families?
Totoni S, Fabisiak J, Terry MAA
Environmental Health News, 2020 - An evaluation of the proposal to regulate lead in hunting ammunition through the European Union’s REACH regulation
Treu G, Drost W, Stock F
Environmental Sciences Europe, 2020
Efficacy of Mitigation
- Reducing lead on the landscape: anticipating hunter behavior in absence of a free nonlead ammunition program
Chase L, Rabe MJ
PLoS ONE, 2015 - Effect of a joint policy statement by nine UK shooting and rural organisations on the use of lead shotgun ammunition for hunting common pheasants Phasianus colchicus in Britain
Green RE, Taggart MA, Pain DJ, Clark NA, Clewley L, Cromie R, Elliot B, Green RMW, Huntley B, Huntley J, Leslie R, Porter R, Robinson JA, Smith KW, Smith L, Spencer J, Stroud D
Conservation Evidence, 2021 - Shot ingestion by wintering female northern pintails (Anas acuta) in the Texas Coastal Plain, 2012–14
Huck NR, Ballard BM, Fedynich AM, Kraai KJ, Castro ME
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2016 - Lessons learned from 33 years of lead shot regulation in Denmark
Kanstrup N
Ambio, 2019 - Ingested shot in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) after the regulation of lead shot for hunting in Denmark
Kanstrup N, Balsby TJS
European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2019 - Lead and other trace elements in Danish birds of prey
Kanstrup N, Chriél M, Dietz R, Søndergaard J, Balsby TJS, Sonne C
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2019 - Toxic lead gunshot persists accessible to waterbirds after a 33-year ban on their use
Kanstrup N, Fox AD, Balsby TJS
Science of The Total Environment, 2020 - Two decades of cumulative impacts to survivorship of endangered California condors in California
Kelly TR, Rideout BA, Grantham J, Brandt J, Burnett LJ, Sorenson KJ, George D, Welch A, Moen D, Rasico J, Johnson M, Battistone C, Johnson CK
Biological Conservation, 2015 - Blood lead declines in wintering American black ducks in New Jersey following the lead shot ban
Lewis NL, Nichols TC, Lilley C, Roscoe DE, Lovy J
Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, 2021 - Evidence of widespread illegal hunting of waterfowl in England despite partial regulation of the use of lead shotgun ammunition
Stroud DA, Pain DJ, Green RE
Conservation Evidence Journal, 2021 - Factors affecting staff support of a voluntary nonlead ammunition outreach program
Schulz JH, Wilhelm Stanis SA, Jie Li C, Morgan M, Webb EB
Applied Environmental Education & Communication, 2021 - Lead exposure in common shelduck (Tadorna tadorna): tracking the success of the Pb shot ban for hunting in Spanish wetlands
Valverde I, Espín S, Navas I, María-Mojica P, Gil JM, García-Fernández AJ
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2019 - Shooting habits and habitats- effects of education and legislation on the phasing out of lead shot
Widemo F
Environmental Science & Policy, 2021
Archive
2013
- Correction: Monitoring of Pb Exposure in Waterfowl Ten Years after a Mine Spill through the Use of Noninvasive Sampling
Martinez-Haro M, Taggart MA, Lefranc H, Martín-Doimeadiós RC, Green AJ, Mateo R
PLOS ONE, 2013
2012
- Common Loon (Gavia immer) mortality from lead weight ingestion in coastal Texas
Stoddart E, Brooks DM
Bulletin of the Texas ornithological society, 2012 - Lead concentration in meat from lead-killed moose and predicted human exposure using Monte Carlo simulation
Lindboe M, Henrichsen EN, Høgåsen HR, Bernhoft A
Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 2012
2011
- Identifying sources of Pb exposure in waterbirds and effects on porphyrin metabolism using noninvasive fecal sampling
Martinez-Haro M, Taggart MA, Martín-Doimeadiøs RR, Green AJ, Mateo R
Environ Sci Technol., 2011
2009
- Lead toxicity to wildlife: Derivation of a critical blood concentration for wildlife monitoring based on literature data
Buekers J, Redeker ES, Smolders E
Science of The Total Environment, 2009
2006
- Altered porphyrin excretion and histopathology of greylag geese (Anser anser) exposed to soil contaminated with lead and arsenic in the guadalquivir marshes, southwestern Spain
Mateo R, Taggart MA, Green AJ, Cristòfol C, Ramis A, Lefranc H, Figuerola J, Meharg A
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2006
2003
- Pancreatitis in wild zinc-poisoned waterfowl
Sileo L, Beyer WN, Mateo R
Avian Pathology, 2003
1983
- The incidence and significance of ingested lead pellet poisoning in British wildfowl
Mudge GP
Biological Conservation, 1983
Other LAG resources
The Lead Ammunition Group welcomes new insights and opinions on the evidence above
We welcome new sources of information, especially peer reviewed studies and reports from around the world. Information based on direct personal experience of using non-lead ammunition is also of interest to us. Please use the form below to give precise references and sources of new information if possible. Please note that although we will read all comments we may not be able to reply to all.